ظاهرة الفساد الاداري ليست وليدة اليوم وليست مرتبطة بزمان او مكان معينين. فقد عثر فريق الاثار الهولندي عام 1997 في موقع (داكا) في سوريا على الوا
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? 1997 ?? ???? (????) ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? (????? ????? ??????? ?????) ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????....
???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? (????? 300 ??? ?.?) ??? ???? ??????? ??????: ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????.
??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????.
??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? 1996 ???? -?? ?????? ??????? – ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????.
??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????..
?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????:
1- ??????? ???????? / ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????(???????) ?? ??????? - ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????- ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
2- ??????? ?????????? / ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
3- ??????? ?????????? ????????? / ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????
4-??????? ????????? (????????) ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.
5- ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 2003
???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????:
??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.
?????? / ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???.
?????:- ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????:
1- ?????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???.
2- ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? systematic corruption: ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????.
3-?????? ?????? / ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????:
1- ?????? ??????? Political Corruption: ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????.
2- ?????? ?????? / Financial Corruption: ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???.
3-?????? ??????? Managerial Corruption: ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????.
??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? (???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????).
??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???????.
???? ???? ??????? ??????:
* ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????...
* ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????.
* ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.
* ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????.
* ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????..
* ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.
?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????.
* ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????:-
1- ??? ?????? ??? ?????
2- ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???
3- ??????? ????????
4- ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????
5- ????? ????? ?????
6-???? ?????? ???????
7- ??? ???? ????????
8- ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
?- ?????????? ????????
1- ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????
2- ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
3- ??? ??????? ??????
4- ??????? ?????????
5- ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????
?- ?????????? ???????
1- ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????
2- ??????? ?????? ????? ?????.
?- ???????? ????????
1- ??????
2- ???????? ????? ?????
3- ???????
4- ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????
???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????:
*- ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? / ????????? ???? ????? ???????.
*-?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.
*- ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.
*- ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????.
*- ??????? ??????? / ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????.
*- ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????:
1. ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????.
2. ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????.
3. ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????.
4. ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????.
5. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
6. ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
7. ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????.
8. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????.
9. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (????? ?? ??? ?? ???).
10. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????.
11. ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????.
12. ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
13. ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.
14. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.
15. ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
16. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????...???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????.
اضافةتعليق